All hexoses yield approximately the same amount of ATP (~32-38 ATP) through complete oxidation. The ATP yield depends on the metabolic pathways utilized, not intrinsic energy differences.

Mutarotation is the spontaneous interconversion between α and β anomers of glucose at the anomeric carbon until equilibrium is reached.

HFI results from aldolase B deficiency, preventing cleavage of fructose-1-phosphate into DHAP and glyceraldehyde, leading to accumulation and hepatotoxicity.

Von Gierke disease (GSD Type I) results from glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, preventing final step of both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, causing severe hypoglycemia.

Liver glycogen maintains blood glucose but cannot directly supply glucose-6-phosphate to other tissues as glucose-6-phosphate cannot cross cell membranes.

Muscle glycogen is the primary energy source during high-intensity exercise because muscle lacks glucose-6-phosphatase and retains glucose-6-phosphate for glycolysis.

Branching enzyme (amylo-1,6-transglucosidase) transfers segments of α-1,4-linked glucose chains to create α-1,6 branch points in glycogen.

Classical galactosemia results from galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency, causing accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate and galactosylated proteins.

Phosphoglucose isomerase catalyzes the interconversion of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate in glycolysis.

Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose linked by α-1,2-glycosidic bond. Maltose has α-1,4 bond between two glucose molecules.