Govt Exams
Aldolase A catalyzes the cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into DHAP and G3P. Its deficiency blocks glycolysis at this critical step.
After 8-12 hours of fasting, hepatic glycogen depletes. The liver then relies on gluconeogenesis from Cori cycle lactate and amino acids to maintain blood glucose.
Glucagon and epinephrine activate phosphorylation cascades that activate glycogen phosphorylase and inactivate glycogen synthase, promoting glycogenolysis.
Haworth projection depicts the cyclic hemiacetal structure of glucose in its pyranose form, clearly showing the anomeric carbon and ring geometry.
In diabetes, impaired insulin secretion (due to reduced glucokinase in beta cells) leads to inadequate glucose sensing and utilization by tissues despite hyperglycemia.
Cellulose is a β-1,4-linked glucose polymer that humans cannot digest due to lack of cellulase enzyme. It cannot enter glycolysis.
NADPH from the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is essential for reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, which occur predominantly in the fed state.
McArdle disease (GSD Type V) results from muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Glycogen accumulates but is structurally normal. Exercise intolerance and myoglobinuria are characteristic.
All hexoses yield approximately the same amount of ATP (~32-38 ATP) through complete oxidation. The ATP yield depends on the metabolic pathways utilized, not intrinsic energy differences.
Mutarotation is the spontaneous interconversion between α and β anomers of glucose at the anomeric carbon until equilibrium is reached.