Mother Teresa was the first woman recipient of the Padma Vibhushan award, India's second-highest civilian honor, which she received in 1980 for her humanitarian work with the poor and sick in Kolkata. The Padma Vibhushan is awarded to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to their respective fields, and Mother Teresa's dedication to social welfare and medical care made her a deserving recipient of this prestigious honor. While other women have received this award after her, Mother Teresa holds the distinction of being the first female recipient, making her historically significant in the context of Indian civilian awards. Other options like female athletes, scientists, or political figures may have received the award later, but none preceded Mother Teresa in receiving this honor.
Dr.
Kallam Anji Reddy founded Dr.
Reddy's Laboratories (DRL) in 1984 and is credited as a pioneer in the Indian pharmaceutical industry, significantly contributing to India's emergence as a global pharmaceutical powerhouse.
His company became one of the world's largest generic pharmaceutical manufacturers and APIs producers.
His vision of affordable medicines for common people transformed the pharmaceutical landscape and earned him recognition as a visionary industrialist.
Indonesia is the most populous island nation with over 270 million people spread across more than 17,000 islands.
The AUKUS pact was signed by Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States to enhance security cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region.
The Silk Road was an ancient trade route network connecting Asia and Europe, facilitating trade and cultural exchange for centuries.
Indonesia declined to join BRICS expansion in 2023. Argentina, Iran, Egypt, and UAE were invited; Argentina later declined under new leadership.
Palestine was granted UN observer state status in 2012 but achieved full membership recognition status upgrade discussions continued in 2023-24.
# Solution: Landlocked Countries and Their Borders
A landlocked country has no coastline and is completely surrounded by other nations, with the number of bordering countries varying significantly.
Step 1: Understanding Landlocked Countries
Landlocked nations are isolated from oceans and depend entirely on neighboring countries for maritime access. China, despite being a major world power, is landlocked in its western regions but actually has extensive Pacific coastlines—however, the question refers to countries completely surrounded by land borders.
Step 2: Analyzing Border Countries
China shares land borders with 14 nations: Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Mongolia, and North Korea. This makes it tied for one of the highest numbers of bordering countries in the world.
Zambia borders 8 countries, Niger borders 7 countries, and Nepal borders only 2 countries (China and India).
Answer: (D) China — surrounded by 14 bordering nations.
# UNESCO Withdrawal in 2023
Understanding recent international organizational changes requires tracking which nations have formally withdrawn from major UN agencies.
Step 1: Identify the UNESCO Withdrawal Event
In 2023, Nicaragua announced its official withdrawal from UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), becoming one of the few countries to exit this major international body. This decision was announced by the Nicaraguan government as part of broader diplomatic shifts.
Step 2: Verify Against Other Options
China remains an active UNESCO member, the United States rejoined UNESCO in 2023 (after previous withdrawal), and India continues as a participating member. Only Nicaragua formally announced its withdrawal during 2023.
Final answer: (A) Nicaragua
Mauritius has been active in AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States) representing vulnerable island nations in climate negotiations.
