According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial crisis during infancy (0-18 months)?

The correct answer is C: Trust vs. Mistrust. Trust vs. Mistrust is Erikson's first stage during infancy. Consistent care and responsiveness from caregivers develop trust, while neglect or inconsistent care leads to mistrust.

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to:

The correct answer is B: The gap between a child's current performance level and potential performance level with guidance. ZPD is specifically the learning space where a child can accomplish tasks with help but cannot do so independently. This is the optimal area for learning and skill development.

In Bandura's Social Learning Theory, what is the term for learning by observing others' behavior and its consequences?

The correct answer is C: Observational learning. Observational learning, also called modeling, is a key concept in Bandura's Social Learning Theory where individuals learn by watching others and the outcomes of their behaviors. This process does not require direct reinforcement.

Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development is characterized by the inability to conserve?

The correct answer is B: Preoperational stage. In the preoperational stage (2-7 years), children lack conservation ability—they cannot understand that quantity remains the same even when appearance changes. This is a hallmark feature of this developmental period.

Charles Spearman proposed the concept of 'g' factor in intelligence. What does 'g' represent?

The correct answer is A: General intelligence. Spearman's 'g' factor (general intelligence) is a single, overarching mental ability that influences performance across various cognitive tasks. He believed all cognitive abilities share a common underlying factor.