Article 81 of the Constitution specifies that the Lok Sabha shall consist of not more than 550 members.

Currently, the Lok Sabha has 543 elected members plus 2 nominated members from the Anglo-Indian community (as per Article 331), totaling 545.

Article 50 of the Constitution states that 'The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.' This is a non-justiciable directive principle emphasizing the independence of judiciary.

Under Articles 13, 226, and 32, both the Supreme Court and High Courts possess the power of judicial review to declare laws unconstitutional if they violate constitutional provisions.

This is a cornerstone of the Indian constitutional framework and the basic structure doctrine.

The 73rd Amendment (1992) established constitutional provisions for Panchayati Raj (rural local government) with Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule.

The 74th Amendment (1992) addressed urban local government through municipal corporations.

Article 243 onwards deals with Panchayats.

The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 (also known as the Mini-Constitution) added three words to the Preamble: 'Socialist' (between 'Sovereign' and 'Democratic'), 'Secular' (between 'Sovereign' and 'Democratic'), and 'Integrity' (at the end).

This amendment was passed during the Emergency period under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

Article 32 empowers the Supreme Court to issue five types of writs: Habeas Corpus (for unlawful detention), Mandamus (to perform public duty), Prohibition (to prevent illegal action), Certiorari (to quash illegal order), and Quo Warranto (to challenge authority of office).

All five are constitutionally recognized remedies under Article 32.

Article 37 of the Constitution explicitly states that DPSP are non-justiciable, meaning they cannot be enforced through courts.

However, they provide positive directions to the state for governance and policy formulation.

Unlike Fundamental Rights (Part III), DPSP cannot be challenged in courts, though courts can use them as interpretive aids.

Options A and B are correct characteristics of DPSP.

The terms 'Socialist' and 'Secular' were added to the Preamble through the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 during the Emergency period. 'Sovereign', 'Democratic', 'Republican', and 'Federal' were part of the original Preamble drafted by Dr. B.R.

Ambedkar.

Dr. B.R.

Ambedkar called Article 32, which grants the right to move Supreme Court for enforcement of fundamental rights, as 'the soul of the Constitution'.

This article is crucial for protecting fundamental rights through writs like habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari.

Article 75 provides for the appointment and composition of the Council of Ministers.

It states that the Prime Minister is appointed by the President, and other ministers are appointed by the President on advice of the PM.

The Council of Ministers holds office during the pleasure of the President and is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.