A boundary layer develops on a flat plate immersed in a flowing fluid. Which of the following correctly describes boundary layer separation?

The correct answer is B: Occurs when adverse pressure gradient causes velocity gradient at wall to become zero. Boundary layer separation occurs when an adverse (positive) pressure gradient reduces velocity gradient (du/dy) at the wall to zero, causing flow reversal.

What is the order of reaction if the half-life period is independent of initial concentration?

The correct answer is B: First order. For first-order reactions, t₁/₂ = 0.693/k, which is independent of initial concentration C₀.

For flow measurement in a Venturi tube with diameter ratio (D₁/D₂) = 2, what is the diameter ratio for minimum vibration and noise?

The correct answer is C: 2.5. Optimal Venturi throat diameter ratio is typically 2.5-3.0 for smooth operation and minimal vibration

In a constant pressure calorimeter, 1 kg of water is heated from 25°C to 75°C. Heat absorbed is approximately (Cₚ of water = 4.18 kJ/kg·K):

The correct answer is B: 209 kJ. Q = m × Cₚ × ΔT = 1 × 4.18 × (75-25) = 1 × 4.18 × 50 = 209 kJ. At constant pressure, Q = ΔH.

What is the relationship between Fanning friction factor (f) and Darcy friction factor (fD)?

The correct answer is A: f = fD/4. Fanning factor is ¼ of Darcy factor: f = fD/4. Both relate pressure drop to flow, but through different equations.

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Process design, thermodynamics, reactions

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All Mass Transfer 100 Heat Transfer 100 Fluid Mechanics 100 Chemical Reaction Engineering 100 Thermodynamics 97

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