Influenza virus belongs to which family?

The correct answer is B: Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza viruses (types A, B, and C) belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae. They are enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses with segmented genomes.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

The correct answer is B: They possess their own metabolic machinery. Viruses lack their own metabolic machinery and depend on host cell machinery for replication. Options A, C, and D are all characteristics of viruses.

Which bacterial flagellar protein is the primary target of monoclonal antibodies used in serological identification?

The correct answer is A: Flagellin (H antigen). Flagellin comprises the helical filament and constitutes the H (Hauch) antigen, used for serotyping bacteria like Salmonella. Other flagellar components are internal and less immunogenic.

Which of the following accurately describes the replication cycle of a negative-sense RNA virus?

The correct answer is B: Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase synthesizes positive-sense RNA first. Negative-sense RNA viruses must first synthesize complementary positive-sense RNA using viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This positive-sense RNA serves as mRNA and template for new negative-sense genomes.

Which bacterial genus produces endospores as a survival mechanism under nutrient-depleted conditions?

The correct answer is A: Bacillus and Clostridium. Bacillus and Clostridium are the primary gram-positive bacteria capable of forming endospores. These structures are highly resistant to heat, chemicals, and radiation.

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Microbiology
Bacteria & Viruses

Bacteria, viruses, immunology, genetics

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All Bacteria & Viruses 100

Q.21 Hard Bacteria & Viruses

Which of the following is a characteristic of prions that distinguishes them from viruses?

A They contain RNA

B They are entirely composed of protein with no nucleic acids

C They replicate by binary fission

D They have a cell membrane

Correct Answer: B. They are entirely composed of protein with no nucleic acids

EXPLANATION

Prions are infectious agents composed solely of misfolded proteins (PrPsc) without any nucleic acids. They cause diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Viruses require nucleic acids for replication.

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Q.22 Hard Bacteria & Viruses

What is the most probable reason for antibiotic resistance development in bacteria?

A Direct mutation from antibiotics

B Exposure to antibiotics selects for resistant strains

C Bacteria intentionally become resistant

D Antibiotics increase bacterial DNA copying

Correct Answer: B. Exposure to antibiotics selects for resistant strains

EXPLANATION

Antibiotic resistance develops through natural selection. When antibiotics kill susceptible bacteria, resistant strains (with pre-existing mutations or acquired resistance genes) survive and proliferate.

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