Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
Both 73rd Amendment (1992) for Panchayats and 74th Amendment (1992) for Municipalities provide constitutional status to local bodies and mandate five-year fixed tenure.
Article 243E (Panchayats) and Article 243U (Municipalities) establish this framework.
While reservation provisions and three-tier structures exist, they have exceptions.
The fixed tenure provision is uniformly applicable to ensure institutional stability.
The 44th Amendment Act (1978) made significant changes: it required that any National Emergency proclamation be approved by Parliament within 30 days, and imposed a 6-month limit on its duration.
It also made the right to property (Article 31) a Constitutional Right rather than a Fundamental Right (changed from Article 19 to Article 300A).
Habeas Corpus (Article 32) is issued to bring an unlawfully detained person before the court.
Mandamus (Article 32) is to command performance of a duty.
Prohibition is to restrain an inferior court.
Certiorari is to quash an order.
The matching in option C is correct.
The 73rd Amendment Act (1992) defines the Gram Sabha as the body consisting of all registered voters of a village.
It is the foundation of grassroots democracy and serves as the primary forum for participatory governance at the village level.
DPSP (Articles 36-51) are not enforceable through courts in the manner of Fundamental Rights, but they are declared to be fundamental in the governance of the country.
They serve as guiding principles for legislation and policy-making.
This distinction was established by the Supreme Court in cases like Minerva Mills v.
Union of India (1980).
Article 12 defines 'State' to include Government and Parliament of India, State Governments, State Legislatures, and all other authorities and bodies established by law.
However, private individuals and private organizations are NOT included in the definition of 'State', so Fundamental Rights generally do not bind them (except in cases of state action doctrine application).
Article 124(4) and Article 217(1) provide for removal of Supreme Court and High Court judges respectively, on grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity.
This requires a motion in both Houses of Parliament, investigation by a committee, and approval by 2/3 majority of members present and voting.
This is a rigorous impeachment process.
The 73rd Amendment (1992) doesn't mandate mandatory inclusion of all agricultural workers in Gram Sabha.
It established three-tier Panchayats (village, block, district), ensured one-third reservation for women (amended to include SC/ST), and fixed a five-year term.
Gram Sabha participation is voluntary, not mandatory for specific categories.
Article 75(3) establishes that the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
However, option B is partially correct (6 months under Article 75(4)), but the complete collective responsibility principle is the most fundamental feature.
Option A is incorrect as Rajya Sabha members can be Ministers.
Article 39A, inserted by the 42nd Amendment (1976), specifically mandates that the State shall secure free legal aid for economically weaker citizens.
This DPSP recognizes that justice should be accessible to all, regardless of economic status.
