Which of the following is an example of a vector used in genetic engineering?

The correct answer is A: Plasmid. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that can be used as vectors to carry foreign DNA into host cells during genetic engineering.

Which of the following enzymes is primarily used to cut DNA at specific recognition sequences during genetic engineering?

The correct answer is A: Restriction endonuclease. Restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes) recognize and cut DNA at specific palindromic sequences, forming sticky or blunt ends. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA, helicase unwinds DNA, and ligase joins DNA strands.

In base editing technology, what is the critical difference between cytidine and adenosine deaminases in terms of target DNA modification?

The correct answer is B: Cytidine deaminases convert C-G to T-A; adenosine deaminases convert A-T to G-C. Cytidine deaminase (APOBEC) converts cytosine to uracil (paired with G) leading to C-G→T-A transition. TadA adenosine deaminase converts adenosine to inosine (read as G), causing A-T→G-C.

In multiplex PCR, what is the critical challenge that must be addressed when designing multiple primer sets?

The correct answer is B: Avoiding primer dimer formation and non-specific amplification. Multiplex PCR requires careful primer design to prevent primer-primer interactions, dimer formation, and ensure specific amplification of all target sequences simultaneously.

What is the significance of dNTPs in PCR?

The correct answer is B: They are building blocks (deoxynucleotide triphosphates) for DNA synthesis. dNTPs (dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP) serve as substrates for DNA polymerase to synthesize new DNA strands.

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Biotechnology

Genetic engineering, fermentation, cell biology

130 Q 3 Topics Take Mock Test

Difficulty: All Easy Medium Hard 1–10 of 130

Topics in Biotechnology

All Genetic Engineering 100 PCR & DNA Technology 100 Cell Culture 60

Q.1 Medium Cell Culture

What is the purpose of using microcarriers in animal cell culture?

A To reduce the need for oxygen supply

B To provide surface for attachment of anchorage-dependent cells in suspension systems

C To eliminate the need for pH monitoring

D To prevent bacterial contamination

Correct Answer: B. To provide surface for attachment of anchorage-dependent cells in suspension systems

EXPLANATION

Microcarriers (Cytodex, Microcarrier, etc.) provide surface area for anchorage-dependent cells in suspension bioreactors, combining advantages of both culture systems.

Test

Q.2 Medium Cell Culture

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of suspension culture compared to adherent culture?

A Requires microcarrier beads or scaffolds

B Cells float freely in medium, easier scale-up, and higher cell density achievable

C Cannot be used for monoclonal antibody production

D Requires lower aeration and agitation

Correct Answer: B. Cells float freely in medium, easier scale-up, and higher cell density achievable

EXPLANATION

Suspension cultures (used for hybridomas, CHO cells) allow cells to grow freely, achieve higher densities, and scale more easily than adherent cultures which require surface attachment.

Test

Q.3 Medium Cell Culture

In Indian biotech industries producing recombinant insulin, which cell line is predominantly used?

A CHO cells

B E. coli bacteria

C HEK 293 cells

D Hybridoma cells

Correct Answer: B. E. coli bacteria

EXPLANATION

While CHO cells are used for complex proteins, E. coli is the primary system for insulin production in Indian industries due to cost-effectiveness and regulatory acceptance. However, CHO is also important for other biologics.

Test

Q.4 Medium Cell Culture

What is the primary application of perfusion culture in modern biopharmaceutical manufacturing?

A It reduces initial culture volume requirements

B It enables continuous removal of spent medium and retention of cells, increasing productivity

C It eliminates the need for pH monitoring

D It completely prevents contamination

Correct Answer: B. It enables continuous removal of spent medium and retention of cells, increasing productivity

EXPLANATION

Perfusion culture continuously removes metabolic waste and supplies fresh medium while retaining cells, resulting in higher cell densities and productivity compared to batch culture.

Test

Q.5 Medium Cell Culture

Which gas composition is typically maintained in mammalian cell culture bioreactors?

A 100% oxygen

B 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2

C Pure nitrogen gas

D Ambient air only

Correct Answer: B. 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2

EXPLANATION

5% CO2 maintains pH through bicarbonate buffering, 5% O2 provides aerobic respiration, and N2 balances the gas mixture. This mimics physiological conditions.

Test

Q.6 Medium Cell Culture

In the context of cell culture, what is meant by 'passage number'?

A The number of times cells have been subcultured

B The age of the cell culture in days

C The number of contamination events

D The total cell density achieved

Correct Answer: A. The number of times cells have been subcultured

EXPLANATION

Passage number indicates how many times cells have been subcultured/transferred. Higher passage numbers may result in senescence and altered cell characteristics.

Test

Q.7 Medium Cell Culture

Which of the following statements is correct regarding cryopreservation of cell cultures?

A Cells are frozen at -20°C without cryoprotectants

B Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) acts as a cryoprotectant preventing ice crystal formation

C Thawing should be done slowly at room temperature

D Cryopreservation reduces cell viability to less than 10%

Correct Answer: B. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) acts as a cryoprotectant preventing ice crystal formation

EXPLANATION

DMSO and glycerol are cryoprotectants that prevent ice crystal formation and cell damage. Cells are stored at -196°C in liquid nitrogen. Rapid thawing is recommended.

Test

Q.8 Medium Cell Culture

What is the primary disadvantage of using animal serum in cell culture for biopharmaceutical production?

A It increases cell growth rate

B It is expensive, variable between batches, and raises ethical concerns

C It reduces contamination risk

D It improves protein purification

Correct Answer: B. It is expensive, variable between batches, and raises ethical concerns

EXPLANATION

Animal serum is costly, batch-to-batch variability is high, regulatory concerns exist, and it complicates downstream processing. Industries are shifting to serum-free media.

Test

Q.9 Medium Cell Culture

In continuous culture systems, the dilution rate (D) is defined as:

A Cell density divided by medium volume

B Flow rate of medium divided by culture volume

C Culture volume divided by cell number

D Cell viability multiplied by growth rate

Correct Answer: B. Flow rate of medium divided by culture volume

EXPLANATION

Dilution rate (D) = flow rate (F)/culture volume (V). In chemostat culture, growth rate equals dilution rate at steady state.

Test

Q.10 Medium Cell Culture

Which bioreactor design is most suitable for large-scale mammalian cell culture in pharmaceutical industries?

A Shake flask

B Spinner flask

C Stirred-tank bioreactor with sparger

D Petri dish culture

Correct Answer: C. Stirred-tank bioreactor with sparger

EXPLANATION

Stirred-tank bioreactors with integrated aeration and agitation systems are ideal for industrial-scale mammalian cell culture, offering better control and scalability.

Test

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