Which DNA technology would be most appropriate for detecting point mutations and SNPs in cancer genomics?

The correct answer is C: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) or digital PCR with allele-specific primers. NGS and allele-specific digital PCR can detect rare mutations (ctDNA) with high sensitivity; RFLP/DGGE are less sensitive for point mutation detection.

Which technique is most suitable for detecting SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms)?

The correct answer is B: RFLP analysis. RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) can detect SNPs that create or eliminate restriction sites.

Which bioreactor design is most suitable for large-scale mammalian cell culture in pharmaceutical industries?

The correct answer is C: Stirred-tank bioreactor with sparger. Stirred-tank bioreactors with integrated aeration and agitation systems are ideal for industrial-scale mammalian cell culture, offering better control and scalability.

What is the main disadvantage of using standard Taq polymerase compared to high-fidelity polymerases like Pfu in PCR?

The correct answer is B: Lacks 5' to 3' exonuclease activity and has higher error rate. Taq polymerase lacks 3' to 5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity, resulting in ~1 error per 10,000 bases. Pfu has proofreading activity, reducing errors to ~1 per 10 million bases.

Which DNA fingerprinting technique using PCR amplification of repetitive sequences is widely used in paternity testing and criminal investigations in India?

The correct answer is B: STR (Short Tandem Repeat) analysis. STR profiling amplifies variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) and is the gold standard for DNA fingerprinting in forensics, recognized by Indian law enforcement and courts.

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Biotechnology

Genetic engineering, fermentation, cell biology

67 Q 3 Topics Take Mock Test

Difficulty: All Easy Medium Hard 1–10 of 67

Topics in Biotechnology

All Genetic Engineering 100 PCR & DNA Technology 100 Cell Culture 60

Q.1 Hard Cell Culture

Which parameter is MOST critical to monitor in a GMP-compliant mammalian cell culture facility?

A Color of the culture medium

B Viable cell density, viability, and product concentration with real-time process monitoring

C Employee attendance records

D Ambient room temperature only

Correct Answer: B. Viable cell density, viability, and product concentration with real-time process monitoring

EXPLANATION

GMP compliance requires continuous monitoring of critical quality attributes (CQAs): viable cell density, viability percentage, and product titer. Real-time monitoring ensures batch consistency and safety.

Test

Q.2 Hard Cell Culture

In the 2024-25 era of cell culture, what emerging trend is being adopted by Indian biotech companies?

A Discontinuation of all serum-free media

B Adoption of single-use bioreactors and serum-free, animal-component-free (ACF) media

C Return to completely manual culture methods

D Elimination of quality control testing

Correct Answer: B. Adoption of single-use bioreactors and serum-free, animal-component-free (ACF) media

EXPLANATION

Modern Indian biotech (2024-25) is shifting toward single-use bioreactors for flexibility, ACF/serum-free media for safety, and automation for consistency in line with global standards.

Test

Q.3 Hard Cell Culture

What is the significance of glucose/lactate ratio monitoring in cell culture?

A It indicates cell metabolic state and can predict culture performance

B It determines the shelf life of culture medium

C It measures contamination levels

D It controls temperature in the bioreactor

Correct Answer: A. It indicates cell metabolic state and can predict culture performance

EXPLANATION

The glucose consumption rate and lactate production rate indicate metabolic efficiency. High lactate accumulation suggests metabolic stress and can inhibit cell growth.

Test

Q.4 Hard Cell Culture

How does dissolved oxygen concentration affect cell culture performance?

A Higher DO always increases cell growth rate

B DO above 100% saturation enhances protein production

C Optimal DO (typically 30-50% saturation) balances aerobic metabolism and metabolite accumulation

D DO level has no significant effect on mammalian cells

Correct Answer: C. Optimal DO (typically 30-50% saturation) balances aerobic metabolism and metabolite accumulation

EXPLANATION

While cells need oxygen for respiration, excessive DO can cause oxidative stress. Moderate DO levels (30-50% saturation) optimize growth and reduce lactate accumulation.

Test

Q.5 Hard Cell Culture

What is the consequence of exceeding the maximum viable cell density (MVCD) in a culture system?

A Cells enter stationary phase and require more nutrients

B Nutrient depletion, waste accumulation, and onset of decline phase with increased cell death

C Cells automatically double their doubling time

D Enhanced protein secretion occurs

Correct Answer: B. Nutrient depletion, waste accumulation, and onset of decline phase with increased cell death

EXPLANATION

Beyond MVCD, limited oxygen, glucose depletion, and accumulation of lactate/ammonia create hostile conditions triggering the decline phase with apoptosis and decreased productivity.

Test

Q.6 Hard Cell Culture

For Indian biotech industries (2024-25) producing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, which regulatory requirement regarding cell line characterization is mandatory?

A Cell line must be >50 years old

B Complete characterization including karyotype, mycoplasma testing, and adventitious agent testing per ICH guidelines

C Only visual inspection is required

D Cell line origin documentation is optional

Correct Answer: B. Complete characterization including karyotype, mycoplasma testing, and adventitious agent testing per ICH guidelines

EXPLANATION

ICH Q5A/Q5B guidelines (followed by India's DCGI) mandate comprehensive cell line characterization including identity verification, sterility, mycoplasma, and viral testing for therapeutic products.

Test

Q.7 Hard Cell Culture

Which method is most suitable for real-time monitoring of cell viability in a bioreactor during fermentation?

A Manual hemocytometer counting once daily

B Dielectric spectroscopy (online capacitance measurement)

C Quarterly flow cytometry analysis

D Visual microscopy inspection

Correct Answer: B. Dielectric spectroscopy (online capacitance measurement)

EXPLANATION

Dielectric spectroscopy provides real-time, non-invasive measurement of viable cell density by measuring membrane capacitance, enabling immediate process adjustments.

Test

Q.8 Hard Cell Culture

In the fed-batch culture strategy, the primary advantage over batch culture is:

A Requires no monitoring equipment

B Extended culture duration with controlled nutrient feeding maintains high cell viability and productivity

C Produces higher quality proteins than continuous culture

D Eliminates all metabolic byproducts

Correct Answer: B. Extended culture duration with controlled nutrient feeding maintains high cell viability and productivity

EXPLANATION

Fed-batch feeding strategies prevent nutrient depletion and byproduct accumulation, extending productive culture phases and improving final product titers compared to batch culture.

Test

Q.9 Hard Cell Culture

What is the significance of using antifoam agents in large-scale bioreactors?

A To increase cell proliferation rate

B To prevent foam formation which can cause cell damage and overflow

C To replace the need for proper aeration

D To reduce the viscosity of culture medium

Correct Answer: B. To prevent foam formation which can cause cell damage and overflow

EXPLANATION

Foam formation in bioreactors during aeration can cause cell lysis, loss of surface area, and carryover into exhaust lines. Antifoam agents (silicone-based) prevent this.

Test

Q.10 Hard Cell Culture

In a perfusion bioreactor system used for continuous cell culture, what is the primary advantage over batch culture?

A It reduces the need for sterilization

B It removes waste products and replenishes nutrients continuously, allowing prolonged culture and higher cell densities

C It completely eliminates the need for temperature control

D It makes contamination control unnecessary

Correct Answer: B. It removes waste products and replenishes nutrients continuously, allowing prolonged culture and higher cell densities

EXPLANATION

Perfusion systems continuously exchange medium, removing metabolic wastes and supplying nutrients, enabling higher cell densities and prolonged culture periods compared to batch systems.

Test

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