Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
Habeas Corpus (Article 32) is issued to bring an unlawfully detained person before the court.
Mandamus (Article 32) is to command performance of a duty.
Prohibition is to restrain an inferior court.
Certiorari is to quash an order.
The matching in option C is correct.
The 73rd Amendment Act (1992) defines the Gram Sabha as the body consisting of all registered voters of a village.
It is the foundation of grassroots democracy and serves as the primary forum for participatory governance at the village level.
DPSP (Articles 36-51) are not enforceable through courts in the manner of Fundamental Rights, but they are declared to be fundamental in the governance of the country.
They serve as guiding principles for legislation and policy-making.
This distinction was established by the Supreme Court in cases like Minerva Mills v.
Union of India (1980).
Article 12 defines 'State' to include Government and Parliament of India, State Governments, State Legislatures, and all other authorities and bodies established by law.
However, private individuals and private organizations are NOT included in the definition of 'State', so Fundamental Rights generally do not bind them (except in cases of state action doctrine application).
Article 124(4) and Article 217(1) provide for removal of Supreme Court and High Court judges respectively, on grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity.
This requires a motion in both Houses of Parliament, investigation by a committee, and approval by 2/3 majority of members present and voting.
This is a rigorous impeachment process.
The 73rd Amendment (1992) doesn't mandate mandatory inclusion of all agricultural workers in Gram Sabha.
It established three-tier Panchayats (village, block, district), ensured one-third reservation for women (amended to include SC/ST), and fixed a five-year term.
Gram Sabha participation is voluntary, not mandatory for specific categories.
Article 75(3) establishes that the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
However, option B is partially correct (6 months under Article 75(4)), but the complete collective responsibility principle is the most fundamental feature.
Option A is incorrect as Rajya Sabha members can be Ministers.
Article 39A, inserted by the 42nd Amendment (1976), specifically mandates that the State shall secure free legal aid for economically weaker citizens.
This DPSP recognizes that justice should be accessible to all, regardless of economic status.
The 44th Amendment Act, 1978 removed the Right to Property (Article 31) from the list of Fundamental Rights and converted it into a constitutional right under Article 300-A.
The term 'socialist' was added by the 42nd Amendment (1976), not the 44th. DPSP was part of the original Constitution (Part IV).
The 61st Amendment (1988), not the 44th, reduced voting age to 18.
Article 324 vests the superintendence, direction, and conduct of elections in the Election Commission.
It provides that the Chief Election Commissioner shall be appointed by the President, and the President shall also appoint other Election Commissioners.
Articles 325-329 deal with other aspects of elections (qualifications, electoral rolls, etc.).
