The Tiladhali Caves are traditionally associated with Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, who spent time in meditation there.

The Gridhakuta or Vulture Peak monastery was built during the Mauryan period and is an important Buddhist site associated with Buddha's teachings.

Emperor Jahangir granted trading charters to the East India Company, facilitating their establishment of trading posts in various parts of India including Bihar.

The Brahmo Samaj Movement, founded by Ram Mohan Roy, was a major reform movement that influenced Bihar and promoted rationalism, monotheism, and social reforms like opposing caste discrimination and promoting education.

The Battle of Buxar was fought between the British East India Company and an alliance of Mir Kasim (Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daulah (Awadh), and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. The British victory established their supremacy in India.

Emperor Shah Alam II granted the Diwani (revenue rights) of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha to the British East India Company in 1765 after the Battle of Buxar. This marked the beginning of British administrative control.

Surya Sen, also known as 'Masterda', led the Chittagong Armoury Raid in 1930. Though he was from Chittagong (now Bangladesh), he had connections with Indian revolutionary movements and inspired freedom fighters across India.

The Gupta Empire, considered the golden age of India, established control over the Magadha region and Bihar during the 4th-5th century CE under rulers like Chandragupta II.

Nalanda University, at its peak, had approximately 10,000 students and 2,000 faculty members from various parts of Asia, making it a major international center of learning.

Xuanzang (629-645 CE), the Chinese Buddhist scholar and traveler, visited Nalanda University and wrote detailed accounts of the university and its academic excellence.