Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
ARMS-PCR uses allele-specific primers that only amplify when the primer sequence perfectly matches the target DNA, making it ideal for detecting specific point mutations.
Competitive PCR uses an internal control (competitor) DNA that is amplified simultaneously with the target using the same primers, allowing relative quantification by comparing product amounts.
HRM analysis detects genetic variations by monitoring the melting temperature (Tm) of PCR products; sequence variations cause different Tm values, visible as distinct melting curves.
GWAS uses Chi-square tests with Bonferroni correction (or FDR correction) to account for multiple hypothesis testing across millions of SNPs and identify genome-wide significant associations.
Inverse PCR uses outward-facing primers on a circularized DNA template to amplify and sequence flanking regions of known sequences, useful for finding regulatory elements.
SNP-based methods offer lower mutation rates (~10⁻⁸), enable ancestry inference, and work better with degraded DNA samples compared to STRs, making them valuable for cold cases.
TaqMan probes of 18-25 bp with Tm 5-10°C higher than primers provide optimal specificity and sensitivity by requiring perfect base pairing for nuclease cleavage.
Array-CGH (aCGH) provides high-resolution detection of chromosomal imbalances across the entire genome, making it ideal for identifying deletions and duplications.
Hematopoietic stem cells are preferred because they can self-renew, are easily accessible via bone marrow/blood, and can be reinfused to establish long-term therapeutic effects for blood disorders.
While 16S/18S rRNA is excellent for community profiling, limited sequence divergence at species level makes species-level discrimination challenging, requiring shotgun metagenomics for finer resolution.
