Govt. Exams
ZPD is the difference between a child's independent problem-solving ability and their ability to solve problems with guidance from a more skilled person. This concept emphasizes the importance of scaffolding in learning.
Object permanence is the understanding that objects exist independently of perception. It develops during Piaget's sensorimotor stage (0-2 years) and is a foundational cognitive milestone.
Trust vs. Mistrust is Erikson's first stage during infancy. Consistent care and responsiveness from caregivers develop trust, while neglect or inconsistent care leads to mistrust.
In late adulthood, Erikson's final stage involves reflecting on one's life. Success results in ego integrity (acceptance of life), while failure leads to despair (regret and bitterness).
The sensorimotor stage (0-2 years) is characterized by infants learning through their senses and physical interactions with the environment, as they do not yet have symbolic or language abilities.
Erikson's fourth stage during middle childhood involves developing competence and skills. Success leads to industry (confidence), while failure leads to inferiority (self-doubt).
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes that learning occurs through social interaction and within the ZPD, the gap between what a child can do independently and with adult guidance.
Object impermanence is the lack of understanding that objects exist when hidden. This is a characteristic of Piaget's sensorimotor stage (0-2 years) before object permanence develops.