Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
The facilitation model (Connell & Slatyer) proposes that pioneer species modify environmental conditions to make them more suitable for subsequent species, gradually changing the ecosystem toward climax community.
Regulating services include processes like climate regulation, pollination, disease control, and water purification that maintain ecosystem functions benefiting humans, distinct from provisioning, cultural, or supporting services.
Small, isolated populations experience increased genetic drift, loss of genetic diversity, and inbreeding depression, reducing fitness and adaptive capacity, making them highly vulnerable to extinction from random events.
Rising sea temperatures are the primary trigger for coral bleaching, causing symbiotic algae expulsion. Climate-induced warming of coastal waters around India's coral reefs (Andaman, Lakshadweep) directly causes bleaching events.
Lotka-Volterra cycles show predator population lags behind prey by approximately 90 degrees, peaking after prey abundance increases.
Niche partitioning allows different predator species to exploit different resources or hunting strategies, reducing direct competition.
High biodiversity ecosystems typically show Shannon index values between 2.5-4.0, reflecting greater species diversity and evenness.
Agriculture accounts for ~70% of water use in India and will face severe stress due to changing precipitation patterns and increased evapotranspiration.
Biological control using natural enemies provides sustainable, long-term management without ecological disruption.
Energy pyramids always show decreasing energy upward and cannot be inverted, making them the most reliable representation.
