Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
Restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes) recognize and cut DNA at specific palindromic sequences, forming sticky or blunt ends. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA, helicase unwinds DNA, and ligase joins DNA strands.
E. coli is the primary organism used for recombinant insulin production due to its well-characterized genetics, rapid growth, and ability to produce high levels of recombinant proteins.
The GEAC, operating under the MoEFCC, is responsible for appraising large-scale field trials and commercial release of genetically modified organisms in India.
Bt stands for Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium that produces Cry proteins toxic to lepidopteran insects. The Cry gene is inserted into cotton plants to confer insect resistance.
Bt Cotton was approved by the Indian government in 2002 and became the first genetically modified crop to be commercially cultivated in India, significantly impacting cotton production.
The Ti (Tumor-inducing) plasmid naturally transfers a portion of its DNA (T-DNA) into plant cells. Scientists use this as a natural vector to introduce desired genes into plants.
DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, sealing nicks in the DNA backbone after recombination.
Annealing temperature determines primer specificity. Optimal temperature prevents non-specific binding while allowing target amplification, crucial for PCR accuracy.
The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change evaluates and approves GMOs for environmental and food safety.
Origin of replication (ori) is essential for autonomous replication of plasmids. Without it, the plasmid cannot replicate and will be lost during cell division.
