Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
PAM sequence is essential for Cas9 recognition and binding. Without PAM (typically NGG in S. pyogenes), Cas9 cannot cleave the target DNA, ensuring site-specific editing.
Antibiotic resistance genes (like ampicillin resistance) are frequently used as selectable markers to identify successfully transformed cells that have incorporated the recombinant plasmid.
The guide RNA (gRNA) is complementary to the target DNA sequence and directs the Cas9 nuclease protein to the specific location where the DNA needs to be cut.
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that can replicate independently and serve as excellent vectors for genetic engineering in prokaryotes.
DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, effectively sealing nicks in the DNA backbone and joining DNA fragments together.
Restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes) cut DNA at specific palindromic sequences, making them essential tools in genetic engineering for creating recombinant DNA.
The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is the competent authority under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change that reviews and approves GM crops for environmental release and commercialization in India.
Plasmids, bacteriophages, and cosmids are all used as vectors for gene transfer. Mitochondria cannot be used as vectors because they have their own DNA replication system independent of the cell's machinery.
Restriction endonucleases are molecular scissors that recognize and cut DNA at specific palindromic sequences. This is essential for creating recombinant DNA molecules.
Golden Rice contains beta-carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A, which is added to combat Vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. It was developed using genes from daffodil and bacterium Erwinia uredovora.
