Govt. Exams
Observational learning, also called modeling, occurs when children learn by observing and imitating others' behaviors. This is a key concept in Bandura's Social Learning Theory.
During the Preoperational Stage (2-7 years), children exhibit centration (focusing on one aspect) and cannot reverse their thinking. These limitations prevent them from understanding conservation.
Scaffolding is a teaching technique where adults provide structured support and guidance, gradually reducing assistance as the child becomes more competent. It operates within the Zone of Proximal Development.
Behaviorism, associated with theorists like Pavlov, Thorndike, and Skinner, focuses on observable changes in behavior resulting from stimuli and reinforcement, not on internal mental processes.
Animism is the tendency of preoperational children to attribute life and consciousness to inanimate objects. This is a characteristic thinking pattern in Piaget's preoperational stage.
The formal operational stage (12 years onwards) is characterized by the ability to engage in abstract thinking, consider hypothetical situations, and use logic without concrete referents.
Conservation is the understanding that the quantity of an object remains the same despite changes in its appearance or shape. This develops during the concrete operational stage.
Egocentrism is not about selfishness but rather the cognitive inability to understand that others have different perspectives and thoughts than oneself, typical of the preoperational stage (2-7 years).
Inner speech (or private speech) is children's self-directed talk that helps them regulate behavior, plan actions, and solve problems. It's an important part of cognitive development in Vygotsky's theory.
Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory emphasizes learning through observation of models, imitation of observed behaviors, and modeling, which is crucial for children's development.
