Govt. Exams
Anderson and Krathwohl's revised taxonomy places 'Create' at the highest cognitive level, replacing 'Synthesis' and requiring learners to put elements together to form something new.
Vicarious learning (learning from observing others without direct experience) is a core concept in Bandura's Social Learning Theory. The child learns by observing her sibling's behavior and its outcomes without personally practicing at first.
Stage 4 (Law and order orientation) in the conventional level is characterized by maintaining social order and following rules because they are society's rules. Duty, law, and order are paramount at this stage.
After observation, the child must retain the observed behavior in memory and have motivation to reproduce it. Without retention and motivation, observational learning does not occur effectively.
Stage 3 (Good interpersonal relationships) in the conventional level involves moral behavior motivated by seeking approval and maintaining good relationships with others. Fear of parental disapproval is typical of this stage.
Reciprocal determinism is Bandura's concept that personality, cognitive factors, behavior, and environment constantly influence each other in a bidirectional manner. This explains how learning is not one-directional but interactive.
Stage 2 is part of the preconventional level where children pursue their own interests and engage in fair exchanges ("you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours"). The focus is on mutual benefit rather than rules.
Self-efficacy is a central concept in Bandura's theory referring to an individual's confidence in their ability to execute specific behaviors successfully. High self-efficacy leads to greater effort and persistence in learning.
The postconventional level (Stages 5-6) involves moral reasoning based on personal ethical principles and universal human values rather than societal rules. People at this level may even challenge unjust laws.
Bandura's Social Learning Theory emphasizes attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation as key components. Unconscious processing is not a primary focus of this theory as it emphasizes conscious observation and modeling.
