Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
AND gate outputs HIGH only when all inputs are HIGH. This is its fundamental definition.
A 4-bit counter can represent 2^4 = 16 states (0 to 15), requiring exactly 4 flip-flops.
De Morgan's first theorem states (A·B)' = A' + B'. The complement of AND equals OR of complements.
A multiplexer, regardless of the number of inputs, has only one output line. The select lines determine which input is routed to that output.
CMOS logic offers significantly lower power consumption (only during switching) and better noise margins compared to TTL, making it ideal for modern low-power applications.
A 4-bit counter can count from 0 to 2⁴-1 = 15 (binary: 0000 to 1111), giving a maximum count of 15.
The Identity law in Boolean algebra states that any variable combined with identity element (0 for OR, 1 for AND) remains unchanged.
When both S=1 and R=1 in NOR-based SR flip-flop, both outputs become 0, which violates the Q and Q' complementary property, making it an invalid state.
For a 4-to-1 multiplexer, we need log₂(4) = 2 select lines to choose one of 4 input lines.
When both J and K inputs are 1 in a JK flip-flop, the output toggles on the clock pulse, changing from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0.
