Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
Flash memory is non-volatile (retains data without power), widely used in embedded systems, SSDs, and microcontrollers as program storage.
A 3-bit counter can count from 000 to 111 (0 to 7 in decimal), requiring 2^3 = 8 clock pulses to complete one full cycle.
For 2^n inputs, n select lines are needed. For 16 = 2^4 inputs, 4 select lines are required.
When J=1 and K=1, the JK flip-flop enters toggle mode, changing its state with each clock pulse.
In RAM notation m×n, m represents number of addressable locations and n represents bits per location.
Full adder: A+B+Cin = 1+1+1 = 3 (binary 11). Sum = 1, Carry out = 1.
In a D flip-flop, Q takes the value of D on the clock edge. When D = 1, Q becomes 1 and Q' becomes 0.
DRAM (Dynamic RAM) is volatile and requires periodic refreshing. Data is lost without power, unlike non-volatile memories like ROM, EEPROM, and Flash.
Parity bits are used for error detection by tracking whether the number of 1s in data is even or odd.
For 2^n inputs, n select lines are needed. For 8 inputs, log₂(8) = 3 select lines.
