Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
For inverting amplifier, Gain = -Rf/Rin = -100k/10k = -10. The negative sign indicates 180° phase shift.
Non-inverting amplifier gain Av = 1 + (RF/Ri). With RF=0 (short circuit), gain=1 (unity gain buffer). As RF increases, gain increases.
Ideal op-amp has: infinite input impedance (Zin→∞), infinite open-loop gain (A→∞), zero output impedance (Zout→0), infinite bandwidth (BW→∞).
Common emitter provides both voltage and current gain with gain values typically 100-1000. CB provides only current gain, CC provides only voltage gain close to 1.
Maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered when load impedance is the complex conjugate of source impedance (ZL = ZS*).
Common base configuration has very low input impedance (typically 20-100 Ω) because the input is at the emitter which is forward biased.
Voltage gain AV = gm × RL. Maximum gain occurs when load resistance is much larger than the output impedance of the transistor, limited only by practical considerations.
Flash memory is non-volatile (retains data without power), widely used in embedded systems, SSDs, and microcontrollers as program storage.
A 3-bit counter can count from 000 to 111 (0 to 7 in decimal), requiring 2^3 = 8 clock pulses to complete one full cycle.
For 2^n inputs, n select lines are needed. For 16 = 2^4 inputs, 4 select lines are required.
