Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
Lichens are classic pioneer species in primary succession as they can colonize bare rock, secrete acids to break it down, and create conditions for soil formation.
Primary succession occurs on areas with no pre-existing soil, such as bare rock or new volcanic islands. Pioneer species like lichens initiate the process.
Only 1-5% of incident solar radiation is actually fixed by plants through photosynthesis. The rest is either reflected or absorbed as heat.
Solar radiation is the ultimate source of energy for all ecosystems. Plants capture this energy through photosynthesis, which forms the base of all food chains.
A test cross pairs an individual showing the dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype of the dominant phenotype.
Mendel's Law of Segregation describes how alleles separate during meiosis, resulting in each gamete receiving only one allele for each gene.
Human somatic cells are diploid with 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Gametes contain 23 chromosomes (haploid).
For a monohybrid cross Aa × Aa, the F2 generation shows 3 dominant : 1 recessive phenotypic ratio, following Mendel's law of segregation.
The funiculus (also called funicle) is the stalk that attaches the ovule to the placenta. The raphe is a ridge formed by the fusion of funiculus with the integument in some ovules.
Integuments are the outer layers of the ovule that develop into the seed coat (testa) after fertilization, providing protection to the seed.
