Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
Initial infertility workup in females includes confirmation of ovulation (through basal body temperature, progesterone levels) and basic hormone assessment before invasive procedures.
Misoprostol, a prostaglandin analog, causes sustained uterine contractions that expel pregnancy tissues. It is typically used after mifepristone (progesterone antagonist) in medical abortion protocols.
Primary syphilis presents with painless, indurated ulcers (chancre) with a clean base and raised borders. HSV causes painful vesicles; LGV causes small painless pustules.
Breakthrough bleeding typically results from insufficient progestin to stabilize endometrium. Management includes switching to a pill with higher progestin content.
Trisomy 16 is the most common chromosomal abnormality in first-trimester miscarriages (accounts for ~15% of chromosomal losses) but is incompatible with life beyond early pregnancy.
PCOS typically presents with elevated LH:FSH ratio (>2:1 or 3:1), hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and anovulation, not regular cycles.
Galactorrhea with amenorrhea strongly suggests hyperprolactinemia. Serum prolactin >200 ng/mL indicates pituitary adenoma, while TSH should also be checked for secondary hyperprolactinemia.
Cu-IUDs work non-hormonally, avoiding systemic hormonal side effects. They are effective for 10 years, longer than some hormonal variants.
Syphilis (causes congenital syphilis), HIV, Hepatitis B, and HSV can be vertically transmitted. Chlamydia and gonorrhea cause neonatal infections but are acquired during delivery.
Spermatogonial stem cells are most radiosensitive. Damage here affects all subsequent stages. Recovery takes 74 days (duration of spermatogenesis).
