Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
From Monod equation: μ = (μ_max × [S])/(K_s + [S]). For μ = 0.9μ_max: [S] ≈ 9K_s
For CSTR with second-order kinetics: C_A = [-1 + √(1 + 4kτC_A0)]/(2kτ) = [-1 + √(1 + 4)] / 2 ≈ 0.33 M
The Damköhler number Da = k·τ (reaction rate constant × residence time) compares reaction kinetics to flow residence time, determining conversion levels in reactors.
Increased heat transfer area improves heat supply rate for endothermic reactions, allowing higher operating temperatures with better temperature control and stability.
Photocatalytic reactions fundamentally depend on photon absorption by the catalyst. Light intensity and wavelength matching the bandgap energy are critical for generating electron-hole pairs.
Semi-batch reactors where one reactant is added gradually while maintaining optimal molar ratio with other reactants improve selectivity and conversion, especially for reversible reactions.
Autocatalytic reactions show sigmoidal concentration-time curves due to product-catalyzed acceleration followed by deceleration as reactant concentration decreases.
For parallel reactions with different orders, maintaining low concentrations of reactants involved in undesired paths (particularly for higher-order undesired reactions) improves selectivity toward desired product.
In Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics, K is the equilibrium adsorption constant (K_ads) representing the balance between adsorption and desorption on catalyst surface.
For high activation energy reactions, the increasing temperature from adiabatic exothermic reactions in PFR increases reaction rate progressively, improving conversion over CSTR where temperature is uniform and lower.
