Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
The convergence rate of Newton-Raphson method is determined by the Jacobian matrix's condition number and the initial guess proximity to solution.
India's target for 2030 is 500 GW renewable capacity, aiming for approximately 60% of total electricity generation from renewable sources as per National Action Plan on Climate Change.
Temperature causes resistance to change (R = R₀[1 + α(T-T₀)]) and significantly affects sag due to thermal expansion of conductor, impacting clearances and voltage drop.
STATCOM uses power electronics to inject/absorb reactive power independently from active power, providing fast voltage support and damping of oscillations.
The rotor angle (δ) is the angle between the generator's rotor magnetic field axis and the reference axis of the network voltage, critical for stability analysis.
UPFC has both series and shunt components, allowing independent control of voltage and power flow. It can inject voltage in both magnitude and phase.
As reactive power demand increases with line loading, voltage stability margin decreases. The maximum power that can be transferred is limited by voltage stability.
The P-Q capability curve defines the operating region of a generator considering thermal limits, stability limits, and excitation limits for both active and reactive power.
SIL = V²/Z_c, where Z_c is surge impedance = √(L/C). It depends on L and C per unit length and frequency, but NOT on total line length.
UI is the real-time balancing mechanism in Indian power market where deviations from scheduled power are settled at dynamic prices determined by frequency deviations.
