Govt. Exams
Entrance Exams
Power system stability is determined by the rotor dynamics characterized by inertia (M), damping (D), and synchronizing coefficient (Ks).
Synchronous speed Ns = 120f/P. When frequency changes from 50 Hz to 60 Hz with constant slip, new speed will be proportional to frequency. New speed = 960 × (60/50) = 1152 rpm. This is because slip s = (Ns - N)/Ns remains approximately constant for the same load.
If the load has lagging power factor, the secondary current lags the secondary voltage. The phase relationship between primary and secondary depends on the load power factor.
Pitch factor (Kp) accounts for the reduction in EMF when the coil span is less than the pole pitch (full pitch), representing incomplete flux linkage.
In a DC shunt generator, as load increases, armature current increases, causing armature reaction that demagnetizes the field, reducing terminal voltage significantly.
Back EMF = KΦω. When Φ is halved, back EMF reduces, so armature current (Ia = (V - Eb)/Ra) increases approximately to double for the same load.
Rotor copper loss = sP_gap, where s is slip and P_gap is the air gap power. It is directly proportional to slip.
At no-load, the transformer draws mainly magnetizing current which lags the applied voltage by approximately 90°, resulting in low power factor (typically 0.1-0.2).
Armature reaction in DC generators creates a demagnetizing effect and shifts the neutral plane forward (in direction of rotation), both effects occurring simultaneously.
Slot leakage reactance is determined by the magnetic flux confined within the stator and rotor slots, hence depends on dimensions of both stator and rotor slots.
